On the Map

History Painted in Place: Detroit Murals Map and Guide

November 26, 2024

"Power to the People" mural captured in an image from above on Woodward Avenue in Detroit; Source: Joe Gall, courtesy Hubert Massey and Detroit Heals Detroit

Just weeks after Detroit was named #4 in the United States for the creation of beautiful murals, the city’s Office of Arts, Culture and Entrepreneurship (ACE) took on the task of putting the city at number one. To accomplish this, in 2022 the city launched a mural map and app to identify every mural and artist in the city, based on hundreds of curated murals and biographies of artists.

This initiative builds on a rich legacy of mural art in Detroit. Mural art has left its mark as far back to the early 1930s, capturing almost 100 years of history in Detroit. As the city struggled through the transition of the Great Depression, the prominent Mexican painter and muralist Diego Rivera was commissioned by the Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA) to capture the energy of Detroit’s distinctive automotive, steel, and other industries. Often considered to be the most complex artworks devoted to American Industry, Rivera’s “Detroit Industry” murals depict the city’s manufacturing base and labor force on 27 panels, spanning all four walls of the DIA’s Diego Court.

Grand in scope and scale, the paintings celebrate Detroit’s auto factories and depict men of all races side by side on an assembly line. Rivera’s technique for painting frescoes, his portrayal of American life on public buildings, and the 1920s Mexican Mural Movement led to and influenced the New Deal mural programs of the 1930s and 1940s, in addition to the future generation of artists in the city.

The main two panels of his series draw inspiration from Ford’s River Rouge Plant, where Rivera toured and sketched for months before creating large-scale tributes to their workers along with a blend of critique and celebration of the forces of industry. He also blended ancient Aztec symbolism into his modernist treatment, creating allegorical figures to portray the complex relationship of human and machine.

A view of the south wall of the Diego Rivera Detroit Industry mural at the Detroit Institute of Arts

A view of the north wall of the Diego Rivera Detroit Industry mural at the Detroit Institute of Arts

The Detroit Institute of Arts’ Research Library, Archives, and Collection Information department holds the digitization of a collection of existing 8 x 10-inch (large format) nitrate photo negatives, which were taken in 1932–33 to document the making of Diego Rivera’s “Detroit Industry” murals. Their digitization preserves the history of the murals and makes the images accessible to the public. In addition, the film that Ford Motor Company’s team made of the artist at work is now accessible on the National Archives website.

Hubert Massey is a contemporary muralist whose work is inspired by 1960s- and ’70s-era activism and the art of Diego Rivera, having studied with former Rivera apprentices Stephen Dimitroff and Lucienne Bloch. In 2020, Massey worked with twenty Detroit teens to create a street mural in the Lower Woodward neighborhood, celebrating the phrase “Power to the People” and the Black Lives Matter movement spreading worldwide.

Massey works in the fresco technique and is the only known African American commissioned fresco artist in America. He has also produced work in the mediums of mosaic, terrazzo, sculpture, stained glass, and other material. You can find his work across Detroit’s Mexicantown, Greektown, the Cultural Center, the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, and the Detroit Athletic Club, among other places.

Girl with the D Earring mural; Source: Zoyes Creative — “Girl with the D Earring” mural; Source: Zoyes Creative

Sydney G. James is another Detroit artist who has contributed large-scale work to the city. A Black figurative painter and public art muralist, she pays homage to the city and emphasizes the deep connection between her art and Detroit, highlighting how murals serve as vibrant expressions of identity and community. Her work not only beautifies the urban landscape but also tells the stories of the people and the place that inspire her.

One of her most notable works is “Girl with the D Earring,” an 8,000 square-foot painting of a Black woman, on Grand Boulevard from Woodward Avenue into Milwaukee Junction. This work re-envisions Dutch artist Johannes Vermeer’s “Girl with a Pearl Earring.” “It’s one woman,” James told Hour Detroit. “But she represents Detroit in general. ‘Girl with the D Earring’ is a celebration of the city and a celebration of its people.”

“Detroit Never Left” mural; Courtesy Sheefy McFly’s website

Musician and visual artist, Sheefy McFly’s “Detroit Never Left” mural, located at Gratiot and Chene near Detroit’s Historic Eastern Market, is a nod to the idea of Detroit having a “resurgence.” The painting depicts a party full of Detroiters: a man jitting—a dance style that was born in Detroit–with a woman twerking (a dance move perfected in New Orleans in the 1990s, with origins in West African dance), a radio, and a Black man wearing a Cartier watch and a blue “D” hat, exuding an authentic Detroit. McFly told The Michigan Chronicle that “anyone from Detroit that walks by can identify with the mural.” His style blends Neo-Expressionism and Pop Art with a Detroit twist that reflects the cultural and social dynamics of Detroit, capturing the city’s spirit and history.

Public art is a form of creative place making, which further deepens connection with places where we live, work, and play.

The vibrant murals of Detroit are more than just artistic expressions; they are a testament to the city’s rich history, diverse culture, and dynamic geography. By intertwining art with public spaces, the city’s murals not only beautify the landscape but also celebrate the unique cultural tapestry that defines this iconic American city.

Explore Detroit’s murals in the city’s interactive map. Filter by year, artist, name, or location.

On the Map

Cranberries: A Fine, Finicky Fruit

November 4, 2024

Credit: Philippe Murray Pietsch, Unsplash

Geography in the News is an educational series offered by the American Association of Geographers for teachers and students in all subjects. We include vocabulary, discussion, and assignment ideas at the end of each article.

Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) are a big part of the winter holidays. Native to North America, they grow in bogs and wet areas from New England to the upper Midwest and Canada. Some also grow in the Appalachian Mountains. A cousin species, V. oxycoccos, grows in Europe.

Cranberry vines grow best in sandy, organic, acidic soils. They prefer cold winters and cool summers. Massachusetts was once the leading producer, but is now outpaced by Wisconsin. Other states where the berry is grown are New Jersey, Oregon, and Washington. In Canada, too, cranberry farms are found in British Columbia and Nova Scotia.

The vines take at least three years to spread and form a mat before bearing fruit. In September, as berries ripen, the farmers flood their fields and use a thrashing machine to scoop berries from the vines. Once they float to the water’s surface, the berries are collected for market.

Cranberry harvest in New Jersey. Source: Agricultural Research Service

Only 5 percent of the berries go to the market fresh. Most are frozen whole, canned, or bottled as juice. Most people buy more cranberry sauce, juice, and even cranberry health supplements than fresh cranberries.

It was not always this way. For centuries, wild-growing cranberries were harvested by the many nations of the Algonquian people who continue to inhabit all of New England and much of the Midwest and Eastern Canada. They call the berry sassamenesh, and harness its power as a superfood. (Cranberries are full of Vitamin C and other nutrients.) One recipe is pemmican, which mixes the berries with dried fish or meat and tallow. Pemmican was the original power bar: it is formed into cakes and baked in the sun. This provides fat, carbs, and nutrients in a form that is easy to carry and store for months.

Demand for Cranberry Grows Fast

For a plant that takes years to bear fruit, the cranberry is otherwise growing fast. Its market expands every year. Cranberries are an important import to other countries, and it is now seen as a food for all year long, particularly for its health benefits. Shoppers have come to expect dried and fresh cranberries in many products, from baked goods to cereal to energy bars. This expansion was driven by a shrewd international marketing strategy from a nearly century-old grower-owned cooperative, Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc.

Cranberries: The National Cranberry Magazine, 1960, one of Ocean Spray’s many marketing efforts to get more cranberries into kitchens and on tables. Source: Wikimedia

Ocean Spray began as a small farmers’ cooperative in 1930. By 1988, the company controlled 85 percent of the world’s cranberry market. The key to their success was smart decisions in both marketing and production. Ever eat a “craisin”? This dried version of the fruit was a snacking breakthrough in 1981. By then, Ocean Spray was already famous for its juices. Soon, it was putting cranberries in cereals, energy bars, and desserts.

As demand for cranberries shot upward, competitors got into the game. Private companies made high offers to farmers, hoping to lure them from Ocean Spray. Still, Ocean Spray remains the dominant player, and certainly the most recognizable in the grocery store. It represents about 700 family-owned cranberry farms.

America’s cranberry farmers produce about 8 billion barrels a year. Most come from Wisconsin, which had one of its strongest harvests yet in 2024. It’s almost the perfect place for these unique berries, with plenty of water, sandy soil, and ideal weather. That doesn’t mean they are always a sure thing, however. There is a margin of risk every year. “I like the challenge,” said John Stauner, owner of James Lake Farms in Wisconsin. “It’s a profession where you have a lot of variability throughout the year.”

The weather has always created uncertainty for farmers. Climate change is adding to their worries. In the past decade, Massachusetts bogs experienced flooding from both ocean saltwater and torrential rain, killing some bogs. On the other extreme, a 2022 drought also took a heavy toll on production.

Cranberry bogs are part of the climate solution in New England, too, at least after they have run their course producing the fruit. Although one in four bogs that have gone out of business in Massachusetts, some farmers are using their land for large-scale restoration to protect wildlife and wetlands in the state.

Some cranberry production has headed overseas since the 1990s. A California company invested $20 million in building cranberry bogs in Chile. The investment has made Chile the third biggest cranberry producer worldwide. The United States remains the world’s top producer.

Some years ago, the geospatial firm Descartes Labs used radar data and algorithmic machine learning to map America’s cranberry bogs. It wasn’t easy: find out how they did it.

The next time someone passes the cranberry sauce or offers you a glass of cranberry juice, tell them a thing or two about this bright berry’s history, geography, growth habits, and economic value.

And that is Geography in the News, updated November 1, 2024.

Material in this article comes from “Cranberries” (1996), an original article for Geography in the News by Neal Lineback, Appalachian State University.

AAG’s Geography in the News is inspired by the series of the same name founded by Neal Lineback, professor and the chair of Appalachian State University’s Department of Geography and Planning. For nearly 30 years from 1986 to 2013, GITN delivered timely explainer articles to educators and students, relevant to topics in the news. Many of these were published on Maps.com’s educational platforms and in National Geographic’s blogs. AAG is pleased to carry on the series.

Sources Consulted for this Article

Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, Cranberries. April 2024.
Blakely, J., Native fruit: Cranberry for all seasons. The Smithsonian Institution, Unbound, November 14, 2017.
Borzo, Sherrie, The sucking sound of history: Cranberries. No date.
Chronicle 5 WCVB, Restoring a cranberry bog to a wetlands habitat. YouTube, 2021.
Living Observatory, Learning from the restoration of wetlands on cranberry farmlands. December 2020.
Teirstein, Z. Northeast drought endangers Massachusetts cranberry harvest. September 14, 2022.
USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, Cranberries: No longer just an American tradition, 2016.
WXPR-Wiconsin, Half-way through harvest, this year’s cranberry crop is looking good for growers. 2024.

Vocabulary and Terms

Algorithm
Appalachia, Appalachian mountains
Bog
Cooperative
Machine learning
Pemmican
Radar
Sassmenesh/sasminash
Tallow

Questions for Discussion and Further Study

What kinds of conditions do cranberries need to grow?
For further study outside of this article: Find out more about the regions and places mentioned in this article. For example, what states make up New England? Do all of them have cranberry bogs? Where are British Columbia and Nova Scotia on a map of Canada? How do we define the Appalachians? How do the climates of these places differ, and how are they similar?
What impact has climate change had on cranberry farming? What impacts can old cranberry farms have on climate change and wetlands?
For further study outside of this article: What approaches are scientists and farmers taking to protect the cranberry farms, or to convert old farms back to wetland habitat? What scientific tools are they using to measure, track, and address changes they observe?
The Algonquian peoples were the first to use cranberries for health and energy on long journeys. What were the special, portable cakes they made for this purpose, and what ingredients did they use?
For further study outside of this article: Find out more about the Algonquian peoples and language groups. What are some of the tribes that speak Algonquian languages (which have different names)? See if you can find out where some of these tribes lived before European colonization, and where they are now. Can you find other food or plant names in Algonquian?

Geoffrey Martin

Geoffrey J. Martin was born on March 9, 1934, in Ilford, Essex, England, and passed away on October 7, 2024, in Woodbridge, Connecticut.

Martin dedicated his life to the study and teaching of geography, specializing in the history of geographic thought. He taught as Professor Emeritus at Southern Connecticut State University for over 30 years beginning in 1966, and served as the official archivist for the American Association of Geographers (AAG) for over three decades.

Leading geography historian and AAG Archivist Geoffrey Martin gave rare glimpses into the history of geography to a near-capacity crowd honoring his career on Thursday, January 21, 2016, in the Geography and Map Division at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. Credit: Becky Pendergast

His meticulous research and passion for the history of geography were evident in his numerous publications. As a young academic, Martin was drawn to three figures in American geography, who had shaped the discipline in the first half of the twentieth century: Mark Jefferson, Ellsworth Huntington and Isaiah Bowman. All studied at Harvard under William Morris Davis, the man who played a founding role in the establishment of the academic discipline in America. Mark Jefferson: Geographer (1968), Ellsworth Huntington: His Life and Thought (1973), and The Life and Thought of Isaiah Bowman (1980) are considered some of his most influential work that provide deep insights into the evolution of geographical thought in the United States.

Geoffrey Martin shows a brand-new copy of his book, American Geography and Geographers: Toward Geographical Science, during the international reception at the 2015 AAG annual meeting held in Chicago. Credit: Becky Pendergast

Following the publication of this trilogy, Martin then set out on a grander project: to tell the larger story of American geography and geographers: American Geography and Geographers: Toward Geographical Science. Covering the period from 1870 to 1970, Martin took 17 years to research and write this publication. It is a testament to Martin’s meticulous attention to detail — pursuing every lead, uncovering every possible manuscript, and tracking down every living person to interview. This publication was unanimously selected as the inaugural recipient of the Humboldt Book Award for Enduring Scholarship in Geography from the AAG Review of Books. Those who knew him professionally knew that this book fulfilled his ultimate professional goal—to offer as complete a history of American geography as had been attempted to that point.

Beyond his scholarly achievements, Martin was known for his generosity and mentorship. He inspired countless students and colleagues with his enthusiasm and commitment to the discipline. In the course of more than five decades of research, he visited 17 countries, consulted 300 archival holdings, accumulated 115,000 manuscripts, and personally corresponded with more than 100 people.

His interests surpassed being a professor. He earned money as a road gang laborer, itinerant chess player in chess cafes in London and New York, substitute grade-school teacher, professional wrestling announcer, and assistant to a poisonous snake catcher in the Everglades. As a chess player, he was in the Guinness Book of World Records for decades for a simultaneous display he did while still in the UK against 142 opponents.

The loss of Dr. Geoffrey Martin is deeply felt by all who had the privilege of knowing him. His contributions have not only enriched our understanding of the discipline’s history, but his legacy will continue to influence the field of geography for generations to come.

See All Memorials

On the Map

Winds of Change

October 26, 2024

NASA’s QuikSCAT satellite, launched in 1999, shows the Santa Ana winds blowing over the Pacific. Source: NASA

Powerful Santa Ana winds often make the headlines in Southern California. They have brought traffic to a standstill on freeways, with wind gusts up to 80 mph (129 kph). They create dust storms and deplete the soil. Sometimes the winds are strong enough to topple trucks and blow down trees. Worst of all, they can power wildfires.

Also called “devil winds,” the Santa Ana winds blow down from the Santa Ana mountains, the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range in Utah, Arizona, and Nevada. The winds blow across westward across the coast and into the Pacific Ocean. They happen in the deadly dry season of autumn wildfires in Southern California. In October 2023, Santa Ana winds whipped up a small grassland blaze into the devastating Highland Fire. The fire grew from 14 acres to more than 2,400 acres before it was contained a week later.

Santa Anas are katabatic winds. Also called “gravity winds,” they blow out of high-pressure cells in the mountains. They can be any temperature. The bora winds of Italy and Slovenia are cold, while the Santa Ana winds and their cousins in France, mistrals, are usually hot. In Japan, the katabatic wind is called the oroshi. In Switzerland, it is the foehn.

The high-pressure air mass at the heart of a katabatic wind begins over mountains or high plateaus. As dense air rushes outward from the center of the high-pressure area, its weight causes it to hug the ground. Wind velocity increases as gravity draws it toward the lowlands. When the Santa Ana wind descends in elevation, it also heats up through adiabatic warming, as it compresses, with no exchange of heat from the surrounding air. The typical rate of warming is 5.5 degrees Fahrenheit per 1,000 feet (1 C./100 m.) of descent. The Santa Ana winds can be as hot as 100 F by the time they reach sea level.

Katabatic winds are very, very dry, with humidity of less than 10 percent. In California, this adds to their dangers. Their gusts dry out vegetation and disturb loose soil. While many native California plants are adapted to these conditions, non-native grasses and undergrowth are not. This has contributed to fire hazard, along with some forest management practices that were, ironically, meant to stop fires.

An Ill Wind

“There was a desert wind blowing that night. It was one of those hot dry Santa Anas that come down through the mountain passes and curl your hair and make your nerves jump and your skin itch.”

—Raymond Chandler

The Santa Ana winds are a dramatic player in literature and lore. Their dry, usually hot temperament contributes to an image of Los Angeles as mysterious and sultry, with a hint of menace. Culture critic Mary McNamara compares the winds to living on the surface of Mars. She says, “The Santa Anas are exhausting, and no one does well when they are exhausted.” Writer Joan Didion said, “It is hard for people who have not lived in Los Angeles to realize how radically the Santa Ana figures in the local imagination.” These howling dry winds do seem to define autumn in southern California, buffeting houses and cars and carrying dust and debris. To be fair, they also usher in some of the area’s best surfing waves, and can extend summertime weather at the beach.

Will Climate Change Affect the Winds?

A 2019 study observed that the frequency of Santa Ana winds has decreased in the last twenty years, due to climate shifts. In the early and late parts of the Santa Ana’s season, there are fewer winds than in the 20^th century. During the peak from November to January, there hasn’t been much change.

Southern California Santa Anas photographed from space. Source: NASA

Since that first study, the authors have discovered a cold version of the Santa Ana winds that forms differently and has less threat for wildfires. Either type, hot or cold, is associated with temperature extremes in the region. Southern California’s hottest and coldest days have been when these winds happen. Yet the cold type has become much less frequent since the 1940s. “In that case,” says the study’s lead author Alexander Gershunov. “We’re not seeing any positive news in terms of future wildfire seasons.” Gershunov and his co-researchers hope that their work can contribute to early-warning systems for the hot winds to come.

And that is Geography in the News, updated November 1, 2024.

Material in this article comes from “How an Ill Wind Blows” (1996), an original article for Geography in the News by Neal Lineback, Appalachian State University.

Sources Consulted for this Article

American Museum of Natural History, Katabatic Winds.
Chandler, R. Red Wind, out of print, 1938.
Didion, J., The Santa Anas, also known as Los Angeles Notebook, 1969.
Gershunov, A. et al, Hot and cold flavors of California’s Santa Ana Winds: Their causes, trends, and links with wildfires (open access), Springer 2021.
Guzman-Morales, J. and A. Gershunov, Climate change suppresses Santa Ana winds of Southern California and sharpens their seasonality (free), Geophysical Research Letters, 2019.
MacNamara, M. Forget traffic and earthquakes: The Santa Anas are the worst part of life in L.A., Los Angeles Times, 2012.
Masters, N. The devil wind: A brief history of the Santa Anas, PBS SoCal, 2012.
NASA Earth Observatory, QuickSCAT.
National Geographic Education, Wind.
National Weather Service, Mountain and Valley Winds.
Voosen, P. California’s fire-fanning Santa Ana winds may not get any better with climate change, Science 2021.

Vocabulary and Terms

Adiabatic warming
Bora
Elevation
Froehn
Humidity
Intensify
Katabatic winds
Lowlands
Mistral
Plateau
Velocity

Questions for Discussion and Further Study

What geographic feature are the Santa Ana winds znamed for? What type of wind are they?
For further study outside of this article: How much can you discover about katabatic winds?
How does NASA’s QuickSCAT radar scatterometer get information about wind and ocean currents?
For further study outside of this article: What kind of tools and techniques do geographers, meteorologists, oceanographers, and other earth and space scientists use to measure and track winds?
Apart from the Santa Ana winds, what are some of the other conditions and environmental elements that can aggravate wildfires?
For further study outside of this article: What techniques, new and old, are used to control wildfires?

John (Jack) Ives

October 15, 1931-September 15, 2024

The mountain geography community mourns the passing of one of its most significant exponents, the bearer of a monumental scientific world in favor of mountain research and development worldwide. Jack D. Ives died on September 15, 2024, at age 93.

As academicians Vladimir Kotlyakov and Yuri Badenkov (2024) indicated, “Professor Jack Ives is a living legend of mountain geography in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st. His name is well known not only among scientists, politicians, public figures, but the inhabitants of many mountain settlements of the world, from the Himalaya and Pamir to the Andes and European Alps, from Scotland and the Caucasus to Iceland and China.” In 2015, Bruno Messerli said that Jack “devoted his life not only to mountain research, but also to mountain development, on behalf of the people and communities living in mountain areas.” He drew attention to the plight of indigenous peoples living in mountainous regions and advocated for their inclusion in policy-making processes concerning their lands and resources. His work went beyond academia, influencing international policy on the livelihoods and rights of mountain people.

Jack Ives’ long-term work at the International Geographical Union has played an important role in shaping the global discourse on mountain environments. In 1972 he took over the chairmanship of the Commission on High Altitude Geoecology from then-president Carl Troll, who had established the Commission during the 1968 International Geographical Conference in New Delhi. Jack then alternated with his colleague Bruno Messerli until 1996. This role drew him increasingly into mountain studies. He left an indelible mark within the IGU, in promoting geographical research on mountains and sustainable development. Under his leadership, the Commission focused on interdisciplinary research and worked to improve global understanding of the importance of mountain ecosystems. In this context, in the 1970s Ives became particularly interested in environmental issues in the Himalayas. The increasing international focus on environmental degradation in mountainous regions, such as deforestation, soil erosion and the impact on local communities, led him to advocate for sustainable mountain development. His 1989 book The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation, co-authored with colleague Bruno Messerli, challenged the prevailing understanding of environmental degradation in the Himalayas and changed the trajectory of conservation policy in the region. This work marked a turning point in mountain research and policy and established Ives as a leading figure in the advocacy of mountain sustainability. He played an important role in making mountains a key element in global environmental policy, especially at the Earth Summit in 1992. He was instrumental in shaping the globally recognized “Mountain Agenda” for UNCED at Rio. This agenda called for greater attention to mountain ecosystems and their importance for biodiversity, water resources and human livelihoods. His efforts helped to establish the concept of “sustainable mountain development”, which remains a guiding principle in the field today. Since then, his leadership brought mountain issues to the forefront of the global environmental agenda.

His name is linked to the creation of the International Mountain Society (IMS) and the leading journals of the discipline: Mountain Research and Development, and Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. He developed “Project 6 (Mountains) of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere” on “Human Impacts on Mountain Ecosystems” with Bruno Messerli and were key in catalyzing a group of mountain geographers into what he called amicably “the Mountain Mafia” as the movers-and-shakers for the advocacy that culminated incorporating Chapter 13 (Mountains) within the United Nations’ agenda for sustainable development (Agenda 21). They also coedited a book considered by most mountain geographers as the “bible” for mountain studies at the global level in 1997. Mountains of the World: A Global Priority became the framework to start conservation projects, academic projects and international organizations in favor of mountains. The book was translated to many languages with regional appeals. They were also key in formulating the UN-declared 2002 as the “International Year of Mountains” and thereafter November 11^th, as “International Mountain Day.”

Jack D. Ives’ numerous studies and pioneering initiatives with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Mountain Agenda including the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), ICIMOD, and FAO have been instrumental in shaping international policy on mountain conservation, and his work within the IGU has helped to raise awareness of the academic importance of mountains in global development agendas, drawing attention to the unique challenges facing mountain ecosystems and communities worldwide. He has been honored with many awards, including the King Albert I Gold Medal (2002), the Royal Geographical Society Patron’s Medal (2006), the Icelandic Knight’s Cross of the Order of the Falcon (2007), and two separate Distinguished Career Awards from the Association of American Geographers. The inaugural Sir Edmund Hillary Mountain Heritage Medal Lifetime Achievement Award (2015) was presented to him to recognize lifetime achievement in mountain research and development.

Presentation of 2015 Lifetime Achievement edition of the Hillary Medal, October 29, 2015. L to R: Pauline Ives, Jack Ives, Simon Tucker, New Zealand High Commissioner to Canada, Kali Prasad Pokhrel, ambassador of Nepal to Canada.

He received the Honorary Membership to the Commission of Mountain Studies with a diploma conferred at the 35^th International Geographical Congress in Dublin, Ireland just this past summer in 2024, recognizing his fertile and restless work on mountain research and studies. The Diploma, decorated with a gaze from Alexander von Humboldt (Jack’s inspiration) recognizes his pioneering spirit and fruitful work, which will continue to illuminate the path for future montology.

Jack had been the one to suggest the laying of a bronze plaque honoring Humboldt as “the father of Montology” on a cairn at the snowline of Mt. Chimborazo in Ecuador, in December 1998 after the III International Symposium of the Andean Mountains Association (AMA). Indigenous community members, along with Christoph Stadel, Larry Hamilton, Maximina Monasterio, Robert Rhoades, Fausto Sarmiento, the Chimborazo Fauna Reserve administrators, and others, shared in Jack’s admonition that could well be the corollary of his monumental and passionate lifelong advocacy: “For a better balance between mountain environment, development of resources, and the well-being of mountain peoples.”

Colleagues and those who worked closely with him often emphasized his generosity, both in terms of his time and his willingness to mentor and support young mountain geographers. They also admired his ability to blend scientific research with activism as he sought to bring practical, policy-oriented solutions to the environmental problems he studied. It is comforting to know that many of his students, following the exemplary work of this giant, helped to cement transdisciplinary mountain research and study, becoming themselves champions of mountain geography works. Many of them are already retired from teaching, but proudly continue Ives’ model inspiring mountain lore contributing effectively to enrich the genealogy of montology with their emeritus wisdom. After Ives’ retirement, as scholarly recognition of brilliant mentors in academia, a Festschrift was published in his honor (Mainali & Sicroff, 2016) with an apropos title: Montologist.

Now that the discipline of Montology has been firmly positioned as the transdisciplinary mountain research and study, the image of Jack D. Ives will be forever reflected in the deep understanding of mountains as socioecological systems, where consilience and convergence favor decolonized scholarship of mountains, integrating the local knowledge and making real the critical biogeography and political ecology of the many dilemmas that still pervade militarized, marginalized, and exploited mountain communities in the world’s mountainscapes (Sarmiento 2020). It is with a heavy heart that the Commission of Mountain Studies of the International Geographical Union received the news of his passing, but it is with a hopeful spirit to commit maintaining Jack D. Ives’ lofty goals for the mountains alive and well!

References

Kotlyakov V.M., Badenkov Y.P. (eds). 2024. “History and evolution of the UNESCO MAB-6 mountain project human impact on mountain ecosystems: From ecology to montology.” Preface by Jack D. Ives to the book. Mountain Regions of Russia at the Turn of the Century: Research and Development. Problems of Geography Series, volume 158. Moscow: Media Press.

Mainali K, Sicroff S (eds). 2016. Jack D. Ives, Montologist: Festschrift for a Mountain Advocate. Himalayan Association for the Advancement of Science. pp. 94–97. ISBN 978-9937-0-1567-7.

Sarmiento, F.O. 2020. Montology Manifesto: echoes towards a transdisciplinary science of mountains. Journal of Mountain Science, 17(10): 2512-2527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-019-5536-2.

This memorial was prepared by Fausto Sarmiento, Professor of Geography and Director of the Neotropical Montology Collaboratory at the University of Georgia; Neslihan Dal, Lecturer, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning at Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University; Alexey Gunya, Professor of Geography at the Russian Academy of Sciences; and Christoph Stadel, Emeritus Professor of Geography, at the University of Salzburg.

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On the Map

Michigan Central Station: “The Sublime Object” of Detroit

October 8, 2024

An exterior panoramic view of Michigan Central Station and surrounding areas in Detroit. Credit: Stephen McGee

In 2019, as the renovation of Michigan Central Station (MCS) in Detroit was getting underway, geographer Lucas Pohl captured some of the mythology and mystery that arose around the station in its more than forty years of decline:

One of the ﬁrst lessons I learned while visiting Detroit is that you cannot speak about the city without facing its past. While this could be said of most places, it is a particular obsession of Detroiters to point to the city’s history in order to explain its present (and future). If you base Detroit solely on ‘what you see’, you do not get the ‘whole thing’.”

—Lucas Pohl, “The sublime object of Detroit,” in Social and Cultural Geography (2021, Vol. 22, No. 8)

In 2015, Detroiters had described to Pohl the special place that the 1913 Beaux Arts-style Michigan Central Station has occupied in their minds—reflections of awe that speak from the last decade to its era of grandeur, its painful descent into ruins, and its 2024 reopening as a community and commercial hub once more:

Michigan Central Station is a special case. We have lots of skyscrapers that were empty for a long time, but the train station has a special place in the people’s hearts.”

“It’s just the One.”

“It’s a thing for everyone . . . I see it and I’m like, ‘Oh, I love Detroit.’”

People walk through the interior hall of Michigan Central Station in Detroit. Credit: Stephanie Rhoades Hume, Michigan Center

New Life for the MCS

The recent renovation of the Michigan Central Station focuses on its future as a tech and mobility hub on 30 acres, with 1.2 million square feet of public and commercial space. Ford Motor Company was the lead on its renovation, with partners like Google and Newlab joining the State of Michigan and the City of Detroit. Yet this building also lives within more than 100 years of shared memories and history. Its presence in the public imagination remains a central element in its new life.

Just as there is plenty to remark on in the rebirth of the station, from the craftsmanship brought back to life to the careful planning for a mix of uses and inclusion of skills and jobs programming, Detroit historian Jamon Jordan also sheds light on the many reasons the station’s history is important to the city’s life.

On the grand reopening in June 2024, Jordan shared an op ed published in the Detroit Free Press, detailing the rich history of Michigan Central. From his childhood memories of the station in 1977, about a decade before it closed—many believed for good—Jordan traces back to the people, events, and stories that made Michigan Central a nerve center of city and Black history long before it became an emblem of decay during Detroit’s tough years at the end of the 20^th century.

When the Erie Canal opened in 1825, Jordan recounts, it sparked a mass migration from the East Coast, either with Detroit as their destination, or through the city to Chicago. Starting in the 1830s, the railroad became a feature of the landscape, and the Michigan Central Railroad became a fixture by 1846.

One of the most consequential figures Jordan brings to life is Elijah McCoy, an African American engineer who began working for the Michigan Central Railroad in 1866. Born in Ontario, Canada, in 1844 to parents who escaped on the Underground Railroad, McCoy was trained in Scotland, but was “allowed only to be a lubricator and fireman on the railroad” because he was Black, says Jordan. This talented engineer was relegated to oiling the train’s moving parts and shoveling coal.

Undeterred, McCoy invented “an automatic lubricator that could oil the train’s moving parts as it was moving, eliminating the need for trains to make frequent stops,” says Jordan, thus gaining the last laugh and transforming the capacity of the railroad industry.

An era came to an end when the old 1884 Central Station was destroyed in a fire in 1913. The present building occupies a different site at 14^th and Michigan. Until it closed in 1988–due to declining rail ridership nationwide and the attrition in both employers and residents in Detroit–its vast grandeur greeted thousands of travelers, including the hopeful members of the African American Great Migration. Many of them, migrating from the segregated South, had only dreamed of an arrival like this one, into a public train station without a single set of discriminating signs for “Whites” and “Coloreds.”

Jordan brings together touchstones of history through the station’s life, from international fame to personal connection: from Ossian Sweet to Joe Louis to Lucinda Ruffin—Jordan’s own grandmother.

Once, Michigan Central Station had 10 gates for trains, and its 18-story tower held 500 offices. In the station’s heyday in the 1940s, more than 4,000 passengers passed through each day. The six-year renovation preserves many of the original structures exterior and interior architectural details, and also addresses renovations at two nearby buildings, which will now house an innovation space called NewLab, and a mobility hub that incorporates greenspace, pedestrian, and bicycle connections. The result may well be a new Detroit place that is still worthy of Jacques Lacan’s somber definition of a “sublime object,” as Pohl describes it: “a remainder of loss that triggers a strong nostalgia,” yet that also can contribute to the city’s future.

Find out more about Detroit history from Black Scroll Network. Read an analysis of the fall and rise of Michigan Central in this article by Wayne State University’s Mila Puccini and Jeffrey Horner.

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Member Profile: Adriana (Didi) Martinez

October 2, 2024

View of the Rio Grande and border; courtesy Adriana Martinez

Photo of Didi Martinez Adriana (Didi) Martinez knows that the only thing more important than scientific understanding is the ability to share and act on that understanding with a community. As a physical geographer who studies the dynamics of rivers—a fluvial geomorphologist, to be precise—she is trained to find out what helps rivers flow and how human forces can help or harm them. In recent years, studying one of North America’s most beautiful and embattled rivers—the Rio Grande—Martinez has worked to make sure her own knowledge flows, too.

Martinez spent her childhood beside this mighty river that both divides and unites the U.S. and Mexico. She knows both sides of the border, which as a kid she and her family often crossed from her hometown of Eagle Pass to the sister city of Piedras Negra (home of the first-ever nacho in 1943!). The banks of the river that once afforded Martinez idyllic time for play and curiosity are now marred by militarized barriers and the human suffering and habitat destruction they cause. Although her career had taken her far away—to Oregon, and now to southeastern Illinois—Martinez never lost connection with her hometown, and has returned there to do fieldwork on the impact of human activity on the river.

It was this return that made her curious about public scholarship—a scholar’s commitment to bring their learning to the public. Her interactions with family and community members, activists, and sometimes migrants themselves, who approached her for help as she did her work, all have convinced her to translate her knowledge into public awareness and action.

It would be so much easier to stay on the side of “pure” science: ”I’ve cried more than once in the field,” she admits, of her decision to confront the human truths of the Rio Grande, and their effect on its ecosystem. “Growing up on the border, there is an inherent cross-cultural mindset that I grew up with. Both the U.S. and Mexico side are home, they aren’t separated from each other,” she says. “And in the same way, the human is not separated from the river. They are linked to each other. The river provides recreation, water, and fertile soil. And the humans impact the river by crossing it on the international bridges, fishing, using it as a water source, etc. I think the same way about studying geography in that we must look at both sides – the human and the physical. Things can’t be separated.”

Vast Possibilities of Geography

Martinez was already considering graduate school when her passion for geography became clear. “Most of the courses I enjoyed at the undergraduate level were in the geography department at Texas A&M. And as I got to know more geographers and interact with those professors, I realized the value that a geographic lens can bring to research – you can examine the interaction between multiple subdisciplines. For example, look at how humans impact some physical geography aspect of how vegetation influences sediment transport. You don’t have to study just one thing or the other. And I think that in order for research and science to remain relevant we must be looking at these intersections. Particularly in an ever-complicating world where things like climate change are altering landscapes in unexpected and irreversible ways.”

Martinez worries that public scholarship is misunderstood and undervalued at the very time it is most needed. This is especially true for physical geographers like her. “Highlighting my work has become extra important to me, and I realized I actually do more public scholarship than I think I do!”

Martinez also devotes serious time to gathering students and colleagues for field opportunities and research projects. “I seem to excel at bringing people together,” she says. “Either connecting people to expand their networks or giving them ideas on how to reach wider audiences with the projects they are working on. Along that vein, I like to help students realize their potential in science and the geosciences. I want to increase diversity and inclusion in the geosciences.”

Martinez is currently an AAG Councilor and also is on the AAG Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (JEDI) Committee. She was also part of the inaugural cohort of scholars to take part in the Elevate the Discipline program at AAG, which offered training and connection to members for media relations and advocacy.

“Elevate helped me gain confidence in my skills at being interviewed by reporters,” she says. She has since given numerous interviews and has appeared on local and national television, speaking to both the ecological and human costs of the State of Texas’s border barriers. Through Elevate, she says, “I am no longer going in blind, I have some background knowledge about media and policy.”

“Being able to solve the major problems we are tasked with—ecological and social—is going to take an interdisciplinary approach,” Martinez says. “Geography is just that. It’s just that most people haven’t realized it yet!”

Julian Minghi

Julian Vincent Minghi passed away peacefully on July 26, 2024. A longtime professor of geography at the University of South Carolina Columbia, he had a lasting impact on the careers of his peers and succeeding generations of geographers.

Born in 1933 in London, Dr. Minghi spent his early years in Sussex and Wales. In his youth he traveled to Italy’s Piedmont and Tuscany regions, returning during his undergraduate years to climb the Italian Alps with famous mountain climber Walter Bonatti. These experiences influenced him to become a professional geographer with strong interests in boundaries and borderlands. He was also stimulated by his undergraduate professor, John House, from the University of Durham, who was held in high regard by his peers for pioneering works in political geography.

He received his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Washington, where he was advised by Douglas Jackson who was known for cutting-edge approaches to studying interstate political worlds. Minghi’s 1961 Ph.D. dissertation addressed what then were innovative themes and approaches, for example, the impacts of cross-border landscapes in the emerging worlds of television. During this time, he met his wife and life companion Lee.

Active in the American Association of Geographers as a Council member, he also served on the International Geographical Union’s Commission on World Political Geography, where he worked in early years with John House, Ron Johnston, Bertha Becker, David Knight, John O’Loughlin, Anton Gosar, Werner Gallusser, Saul Cohen, Dennis Rumley, Vladimir Kolossov, Andre Louis Sanguin, Peter Taylor and others advancing political geography on many fronts.

Julian Minghi changed political geography through such work as his article “Boundary Studies in Political Geography,” published in the Annals of the American Association of Geographers in 1963, signaling a new turn in the study of boundaries and borders. He co-edited, with Roger Kasperson, the comprehensive book The Structure of Political Geography. First published in 1969 and still in print, it changed political geography and the two mens’ careers.

“In the huge upheavals of geography in the 1960s, political geography was nowhere to be seen,” recalled Peter Taylor, emeritus professor of geography at Loughborough University. “This changed with the publication of The Structure …. It converted political geography into a social science; 40 chapters organized into five sections: Heritage, Structure, Process, Behavior, and Environment — Wow! It certainly recruited me.”

“Julian Minghi stood out in international encounters of political geographers for his kind mentoring and his fascination with borders and borderlands,” said Virginie Mamadouh, associate professor of political and cultural geography at the University of Amsterdam.

“Minghi’s contributions to the field of political geography are immense,” said Reece Jones, chair of Geography and Environment at the University of Hawai‘i-Mānoa. “Thankfully, his legacy will continue to be recognized through the Julian Minghi Distinguished Book Award, which is given annually to the author of the best book in political geography by the Political Geography Specialty Group of the AAG.”

“There was little of note published in political geography in the 1950s before Julian’s first papers and especially his co-edited book with Kasperson, said John O’Loughlin, professor of political geography at the University of Colorado Boulder. “The book’s ambition and broad range of subjects showed the young scholars of the day what should be important research topics and had been neglected for too long.”

“Julian was a pioneer in the field of political geography [whose] major publications led many young geographers to take up political geography and study borders (at a time when it was still partially blackballed within academic and scientific circles due to erroneous associations with the Geopolitics of the Third Reich) and make it into the thriving discipline which it is today.” David Newman, professor of geography at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

Herman van der Wusten, professor emeritus of political geography at the University of Amsterdam, agrees: “Julian Minghi helped kickstart a new political geography in the 1970s. Later on he was fruitfully active on political boundary problems for humans and their landscapes as they were put up, withdrawn or got a different function. He was a great colleague who will be sorely missed.”

“In his long and distinguished career, Professor Minghi played a key role and link between an earlier generation of work on border studies in political geography and the revitalization of that field over the last thirty years,” said James Sidaway, professor of political geography at the University of Singapore. “This critical legacy will long endure,”

Julian Minghi posed for a photo outdoors Colleagues have praised Minghi’s energy and joyful spirit. He was “audacious and undisciplined … and a little bit playful,” in the words of Phil Steinberg, professor of political geography and arctic studies geographer at Durham University. Richard Schofield, senior lecturer in boundary studies at King’s College London, described Minghi as “a lovely man who continued to captivate my M.A. students at KCL on Geopolitics, Resources, and Territory into his 90s, delivering a usual annual clutch of lectures with relish and good humor. No one would ever call Julian a cowboy, but he did sort of die with his spurs on!”

Alexander (Alec) Murphy: professor emeritus of geography at University of Oregon, said, “Julian was an exceptionally warm, good humored, thoughtful political geographer who made pioneering contributions to the subdiscipline. His work with Roger Kasperson, The Structure …, helped to turn me toward political geography as a graduate student, and I cherished the many times we met at academic gatherings around the world. One of the great honors of my career was the invitation to give the first inaugural Julian Minghi Lecture at the University of South Carolina in 2007.”

Minghi’s knowledge of the world was always informed by his fascination with boundaries. “As a political geographer, Julian Minghi was professionally loyal to the Alps-Adriatic region,” recalled Anton Gosar, professor of geography at the University of Ljubljana. “He wrote extensively with Milan Bufon and made several field trips to the Italo-Slovenian border and organized conferences with scholars from both countries. Julian and his wife were fascinated by the mountain and Lakeland of the Julian Alps. They spent their honeymoon there and wanted to celebrate their anniversaries every year in the same facility.”

Mamadouh remembered, “One of the memorable moments was him sharing his memories of the evolution of the Italian/Slovenian border area over decades during the Cold War and after the disintegration of Yugoslavia when we were visiting Gorizia/Nova Goricia during a fieldtrip at the occasion of the Borderscapes III Conference in Trieste in summer 2012.”

Dennis Rumley, Professor of Indian Ocean Studies and Distinguished Research Fellow at Curtin University in Western Australia, called Minghi “an icon of political geography. He never got bored with borders. He was a very kind and generous man who had a wicked sense of humour. Like his favourite football team — Arsenal — Julian was always straight (talking in his case; shooting — for goal — their case). He clearly enjoyed life and had a positive and permanent impact on all who met and knew him. He will be missed by all of us.”

This memorial was prepared by Stanley Brunn, University of Kentucky, Lexington, insights and information from former colleagues and family members: Lee Minghi, Lynn Shirley, Anton Gosar, Reece Jones, David Knight, Victor Konrad, Virginie Mamadouh, Alec Murphy, David Newman, John O’Loughlin, Dennis Rumley, Richard Schofield, James Sidaway, Phil Steinberg, Peter Taylor and Herman van der Wusten.

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Julia Rose Dowell

By Emily Frisan

Education: Master’s in Geography, California State University, Long Beach; Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science and Policy, California State University, Long Beach

Past Experiences: Adjunct Professor, Chabot College; Field Investigator and Community Advocate. San Francisco Baykeeper; Community Organizer and Policy Advocate, Greenaction for Health and Environmental Justice

Geography was always there, just out of sight for Julia Dowell. Growing up in Long Beach, California, she was aware of the impacts of industrial, gas plants, and high-traffic arterial concentrated in the backyard of marginalized communities. “With my background, if I was going to do anything with my life, it had to be using environmental science and policy to right these wrongs. Studying geography and bringing in all those concepts was the best way for me to be able to do that kind of work.”

Dowell’s commitment to a career in geography began during her last semester as an undergraduate at Cal State Long Beach. She enrolled in “International Environmental Issues,” a geography class centered on justice as the central piece to the environmental movement.

This first direct encounter with the discipline helped focus Dowell’s dedication to environmental justice on concepts of place and people, connecting the impacts of environmental pollution and climate change to people’s lives. This, in turn, has led her to activism through her role at the Sierra Club.

Dowell’s current campaign at the Sierra Club is dedicated to shutting down power plants across the state of California, specifically nearby vulnerable communities on the frontlines of the growing impacts of pollution and climate change.

“I feel like I use my geography skills every day in my current job. I took a lot of human geography courses in my masters – that was really the emphasis. I took a lot of courses on social justice and the sociospatial dialectic: how humans impact their environment and how in turn our environment impacts us. I pull in both physical science and social science, which geography sits perfectly in the middle of.”

“I’m a firm believer that geography touches every aspect of our lives and every discipline. Explore the possibilities because I really believe if you study geography, you can do anything.”

Interpreting Maps for Advocacy

“The two tenets behind the work I’m doing right now are one, to combat climate change and two, to protect communities. Both of those goals involve skills that I learned in geography. I’m always looking at geographical data: Where are these power plants? What communities are they near? What are the cumulative impacts to these communities?”

Although Dowell doesn’t create maps, her skills in interpreting and analyzing maps inform her advocacy work. She explains, “For example, there’s a statewide map called ‘CalEnviroScreen,’ and it shows the different environmental impacts in every census tract in the state. I’ll use that data overlaid with power plant data to look at which communities are most impacted.”

Gaining Expertise on the Job

The most important skill that Dowell did not obtain through school is community organizing experience. “Community organizing is really all about creating relationships with folks in impacted communities and also with other organizations that have similar goals,” Dowell explains. “I owe a lot of this experience to my first organizing job, which was at a small nonprofit called Greenaction for Health and Environmental Justice. I did a lot of organizing around toxic sites in the Bay Area.”

In addition to organizing actions and protests, the exposure, “created my confidence and built up my skill set as an advocate, which today I use to advocate to state agencies and local community advocacy. That’s something you don’t typically use or learn in an academic setting. So, it’s something that I very much learned by doing. Getting into nonprofit work was how I gained that experience. I didn’t get the chance to take a ton of environmental justice courses in either of my programs, though it was embedded in some of the courses.”

From Interest to Advocacy: The Path to Environmental Justice

In Dowell’s previous job at environmental nonprofit, the San Francisco Baykeeper as a Field Investigator, she travelled across the San Francisco Bay Area to investigate pollution incidents such as illegal dumping or runoff, based on tips called into a hotline. Now in her current role, “it’s more about working with communities that are right next to or near power plants, [asking] the question of, ‘who’s impacting the environment’, and then ‘who’s being impacted by this pollution’. Often those are not the same people.”

Dowell’s work as an environmental geographer engages with questions of power: “Those who have the resources, those who are responsible for the climate crisis, often have the resources to insulate themselves from the impacts. By working to shut down power plants, we’re working to protect communities that have been historically at the front lines of pollution and are starting to be at the front lines of climate change impacts.”

“I feel fortunate that I get to work on these very important issues every day. I often advocate to agencies for policies that incorporate equity as we are moving towards a statewide and national scene of trying to combat climate change.”

Advice for Students

“As one of the biggest environmental nonprofits, I felt like I could make the most change somewhere like that [Sierra Club].”

As a student Dowell was advised by professionals that finding a job in the field would be difficult. Through gaining experience in more local nonprofits, she was then able to expand her work to focus on statewide issues at one of the largest environmental nonprofits, Sierra Club. “This is a field that is growing, especially with environmental issues, like climate change coming to the forefront. Don’t get discouraged – a career in advocacy and justice-oriented work is possible.”

Learn more about what a degree in geography can do for you by reading more AAG Career Profiles and discover the resources we offer for your professional development journey.

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Angel David Cruz Báez

Students, teachers and the community mourn the departure of Dr. Angel David Cruz Báez (1948-2024). His career was marked by a deep commitment to teaching and research, leaving a lasting impact on his students and colleagues.

Professor Cruz Báez was one of the first professors of Geography in Puerto Rico and served as a professor and director for more than 30 years in the Department of Geography of the University of Puerto Rico. Before this, he began his academic career as a professor at the Interamerican University in San Germán.

Dr. Ángel David Cruz Báez was a distinguished professor and director in the Department of Geography at the University of Puerto Rico, where he earned his bachelor’s degree. Dr. Cruz Báez’s research focused on various aspects of geography, including residential segregation by socioeconomic class, particularly in metropolitan areas like Miami. His work contributed significantly to the understanding of geographic and social dynamics in urban settings.

His achievements, beyond his publications, were to create a solid geographical community dedicated to teaching, research and the creation of a holistic local environmental awareness. Published books, articles and essays, since his dissertation at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, show great love, commitment and respect for Puerto Rico.

Throughout his career, he was known for his passion for geography, his dedication to academic excellence, and his efforts to promote knowledge about the geographic and social environment. Additionally, he was a leader in the management of geographical information systems, statistical applications, computer management and digital mapping in Puerto Rico.

He also forged several generations of geographers as an advisor, counselor, friend, teacher and mentor. His legacy continues to inspire those who had the privilege of learning from and working with him.

The loss of Dr. Ángel David Cruz Báez is deeply felt by all who had the privilege of knowing him. His passing is deeply felt in the academic community, but as we reflect on his life and contributions, we are reminded of the power of education to change lives and the importance of passionate educators like Dr. Cruz Báez who devote their lives to this cause.

Adapted from an online memorial on Facebook.

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